5th century First small kingdoms established by the Goths.
c. 900 Harald Fairhair created a united Norwegian kingdom; it dissolved after his death.
8th-11th centuries Vikings from Norway raided and settled in many parts of Europe.
c. 1016-28 Olav II (St Olav) reunited the kingdom and introduced Christianity.
1217-63 Haakon VI established royal authority over nobles and church and made the monarchy hereditary.
1263 Iceland submitted to authority of king of Norway.
1397 Union of Kalmar: Norway, Denmark, and Sweden united under a single monarch.
15th century Norway, the weakest of the three kingdoms, was increasingly treated as an appendage of Denmark.
1523 Secession of Sweden further undermined Norway's status.
16th century Introduction of sawmill precipitated development of timber industry and growth of export trade.
1661 Denmark restored formal equality of status to Norway as a twin kingdom.
18th century Norwegian merchants profited from foreign wars which increased demand for naval supplies.
1814 Treaty of Kiel: Denmark ceded Norway (minus Iceland) to Sweden; Norway retained its own parliament but cabinet appointed by king of Sweden.
19th century Economic decline followed slump in timber trade due to Canadian competition; expansion of merchant navy and whaling industry.
1837 Democratic local government introduced.
1884 Achieved internal self-government when king of Sweden made Norwegian cabinet accountable to Norwegian parliament.

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