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National name Elliniki Dimokratia
Area 131,957 sq km/50,935 sq mi
Capital Athens
Major ports Piraeus, Thessaloníki, Patras,
Irákleion
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Physical features mountainous (Mount Olympus);
a
large number of islands, notably Crete, Corfu, and
Rhodes, and Cyclades and Ionian Islands
In the EU since 1962 |
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Population 10,451,000 (1995 est)
Political system democratic republic
Administrative divisions 13 regions divided into 51
departments
Religions Greek Orthodox; also Roman Catholic
Chronology c.2000-1200 BC Mycenaean civilization flourished.
c.1500-1100 BC Central Greece and Peloponnese
invaded by tribes of Achaeans, Aeolians, Ionians,
and Dorians.
c.1000-500 BC Rise of the Greek city states; Greek
colonies established around the shores of the
Mediterranean.
c.490-404 BC Ancient Greek culture reached its
zenith in the democratic city state of Athens.
357-338 BC Philip II of Macedon won supremacy
over Greece; cities fought to regain and preserve
independence.
336–323 BC Alexander the Great was the first world conqueror and one of the most remarkable men in history, his armies capturing most the civilized world. The remainings of the capital of that vast Empire with essentially Greek culture, are found in the ancient Greek city of Pella, near Thessaloniki.
146 BC Roman Empire defeated Macedon and
annexed Greece.
476 AD Western Roman Empire ended; Eastern
Empire continued as Byzantine Empire, based at
Constantinople, with essentially Greek culture.
1204 Crusaders partitioned Byzantine Empire;
Athens, Achaea, and Thessaloniki came under
Frankish rulers.
late 14th century-1461 Ottoman Turks conquered
mainland Greece and captured Constantinople 1453;
Greek language and culture preserved by Orthodox
Church.
1685 Venetians captured Peloponnese; regained by
Turks 1715.
late 18th century Beginnings of Greek nationalism
among émigrés and merchant class.
1814 Philike Hetairia (`Friendly Society´) formed by
revolutionary Greek nationalists in Odessa.
1821 Philike Hetairia raised Peloponnese brigands
in revolt against Turks; War of Independence ensued.
1827 Battle of Navarino: Britain, France, and Russia
intervened to destroy Turkish fleet; Count Ioannis
Kapodistrias elected president of Greece. |
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1829 Treaty of Adrianople: under Russian pressure,
Turkey recognized independence of small Greek
state.
1832 Great Powers elected Otto of Bavaria as king
of Greece.
1843 Coup forced King Otto to grant a constitution.
1862 Mutiny and rebellion led King Otto to abdicate.
1863 George of Denmark became king of the
Hellenes.
1864 Britain transferred Ionian islands to Greece. 1881 Following Treaty of Berlin (1878), Greece was
allowed to annex Thessaly and part of Epirus. |  |  |  | late 19th century Politics dominated by Kharilaos
Trikoupis, who emphasized economic development,
and Theodoros Deliyiannis, who emphasized
territorial expansion.
1897 Greco-Turkish War ended in Greek defeat.
1908 Cretan Assembly led by Eleutherios Venizelos
proclaimed union with Greece.
1910 Venizelos became prime minister and
introduced financial, military, and constitutional
reforms.
1912-13 Balkan Wars: Greece annexed a large area
of Epirus and Macedonia.
1916 `National Schism´: Venizelos formed rebel
pro-Allied government while royalists remained
neutral.
1917-18 Greek forces fought on Allied side in World
War I.
1919-22 Greek invasion of Asia Minor; after Turkish
victory, a million refugees came to Greece. |
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1924 Republic declared amid great political
instability.
1935 Greek monarchy restored with George II.
1936 General Ioannia Metaxas established
right-wing dictatorship.
1940 Greece successfully repelled Italian invasion.
1941-44 German occupation of Greece; rival
monarchist and communist resistance groups
operated from 1942.
1946-49 Civil war: communists defeated by
monarchists with military aid from Britain and USA. |
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1952 Became a member of NATO.
1967 `Greek Colonels´ seized power under George
Papadopoulos; political activity banned; King
Constantine II exiled.
1973 Republic proclaimed with Papadopoulos as
president.
1974 Cyprus crisis caused downfall of military
regime; Constantine Karamanlis returned from exile
to form Government of National Salvation and restore
democracy. |
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1981 Andreas Papandreou elected Greece's first socialist prime minister; Greece entered the European Community.
1989-93 Election defeat of Panhellenic Socialist
Movement (PASOK) followed by unstable coalition
governments.
1993 PASOK returned to power.
1996 Costis Simitis succeeded Papandreou as
prime minister. PASOK retained its majority in the
general election. |
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